Recombinant DNA Technology | Biology Blog
Recombinant DNA Technology
The technology in which genetic material is transferred by artificially means from one organisms to genome of another organisms where it replicate and expressed is called Recombinant DNA Technology .
For Example - The best example to understand this process is Mosquito . Mosquito act as a vector and transfer it's pathogen into human body where it replicate and expressed in form of disease called Fever , Dengue , Malaria etc .
Tools Of rDNA Technology - rDNA technology accomplish only by using this key tools -
- Restriction Enzyme
- Polymerase Enzyme
- Ligase Enzyme
- Vector
- Host Organisms
Restriction Enzyme - As the name suggest the enzyme which restrict the entry of foreign DNA into the bacteria is called Restriction Enzyme .The enzyme was first postulated by W. Arber . This enzyme cut the DNA at specific sites called as restriction sites .Some restriction enzyme recognize the sequence and make palindromic sequence while some enzyme cut staggered cuts and sticky cuts . They are classified into four types , Type 1 , type 2 , type 3 , type 4 based on their composition . From the bacterium Haemophillus Influenza the first enzyme was isolated named as HIND 2 . After discovery of Hind 2 , another Eco R1 was discovered .
How This enzymes were named - For the nomenclature of the enzyme scientist give out some rules -
The first letter of the enzyme is taken out from Genus.
The second two letter is from species .
The third letter is taken out from strain
The fourth is number on which sequence it is identified .
For Example - EcoR1 here , The first letter is from Genus and second two letter is from species . 'R' represents strain and the number here is showing the sequence on which it is identified .
Polymerase Enzyme - This enzyme play a important role in DNA technology. The basic function of this enzyme is to make more than one copies of DNA . After inserting the desired DNA into the host organisms it start replication which is due to the help of this enzyme .
Ligase - This enzyme is also known by its another name Molecular Glue . Ligase enzyme joined the two strands of DNA covalantly by catalizing the formation of phosphodiester bond between a 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl .
Vector - The word Vector is generally refer to the transporter which carry some things to transfer into the desired place . Similarly the Vector carry foreign DNA and transport into the suitable host . There are so many types of Vector are there like Plasmid , Cosmid , Lambda Phase etc .
For transferring foreign DNA into the host cell the Vector have some specific features like -
- They should contain origin of replication .
- They are small in size .
- Must able to replicate in host cell .
- should have multiple cloning sites .
Process Of DNA Technology -
- To make recombinant DNA the foreign DNA is inserted into the Cloning vector .
- Enzyme Ligase seals the two DNA fragments and in this way DNA of different origin are joined together which is called as recombinant DNA.
- This cloning vector is taken by host cell where the process of amplification takes place .
- Now this transformed cells are plate out in a solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin medium and X- gal .
- Only the transformed cell will grow now having ampicillin resistance property .
Importance Of rDNA Technology - rDNA technology is the most important technology in today's century as this is responsible for curing from all genetic diseases . Except this there are some area where rDNA technology has its won impact -
- Better Crops.
- Production Of Insulin.
- Recombinant Vaccines .
- Germ line therapy.
- Production of recombinant pharmaceutical .
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