DNA Transcription Process | Central Dogma | RNA Polymerase

 

                                DNA  Transcription Process 

The key to unlocking the vast amount of data stored in our DNA is transcription. Our cells are able to decipher the genetic code and bring it to life thanks to the captivating story, which results in the production of proteins that control the very core of our existence. In this blog, we set out on a trip into the core of transcription, exploring its meaning, its workings, and the enormous effects it has on all living things. Join us as we explore the fascinating field of DNA transcription, where the intricate details of life's story are woven into the fabric of our biological legacy.

Genes and DNA: The Building Blocks of Life-

DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic information's storage medium in all living things. DNA is made up of nucleotide units, which are each made up of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar molecule, and one of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Together, these components form a double-helix shape. These bases' order encodes the genetic instructions that control an organism's traits, capabilities, and growth.

The DNA code for making proteins is found in certain DNA regions called genes. The workhorses of the cell, proteins carry out a variety of functions, from building the structural elements of tissues and organs to catalyzing biochemical events.

Also Read - DNA Structure By Watson & Crick

The Central Dogma: Protein Synthesis and Transcription

The transmission of genetic information within a cell is described by the basic dogma of molecular biology. Transcription, translation, and protein folding make up the three primary stages of this process. The process of translating a gene's genetic code into a complementary mRNA molecule is called transcription.

Transcription Process - 

The DNA template, transcription factors, and RNA polymerase are some of the important participants in the complicated and strictly regulated process of transcription. It can be divided into the following phases:

Initiation - When RNA polymerase binds to a certain DNA sequence known as the promoter region, transcription can start. This binding, which initiates RNA synthesis, is made possible by transcription factors.

Elongation - After binding, RNA polymerase travels along the DNA template, unraveling the double helix and creating a corresponding RNA strand. As the enzyme works, complementary RNA nucleotides to the template DNA strand are incorporated.

Termination - RNA polymerase encounters a termination signal on the DNA template to signify the end of transcription. The freshly generated mRNA molecule is released as a result of this signal, which also causes RNA polymerase to separate from the DNA.

The Genetic Code: From DNA to mRNA - 

The translation of DNA or mRNA nucleotide sequences into protein amino acid sequences is governed by a set of principles known as the genetic code. It is a triplet code in which each codon—a unit of three nucleotides—corresponds to a particular amino acid or a stop signal.

The template strand of the DNA is used to create a complementary mRNA molecule during transcription. There is a small deviation, though: uracil (U) is present in mRNA instead of thymine (T), which is present in DNA. This indicates that the resulting mRNA sequence is a mirror image of the coding strand of the DNA, with uracil in place of thymine.

Also Read - Genetic Code - Principle & features 

The Role of mRNA in Protein Synthesis- 

The freshly formed mRNA molecule is a temporary duplicate of the genetic instructions found in a gene. As it leaves the cell nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are found, it continues its journey.

The mRNA sequence is "read" by ribosomes during translation in sets of three nucleotides (codons) and the appropriate transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are then enlisted. A unique amino acid that matches a codon on the mRNA is carried by each tRNA. The amino acids are put together into a developing polypeptide chain that will eventually fold into a functioning protein as the ribosome advances along the mRNA.

The Future of Regulation - 

Cells can control when and how frequently a gene is translated into mRNA thanks to the tightly controlled process of transcription. This control is influenced by a number of variables, including cell signaling and environmental inputs. Genetic diseases and cancer are just two examples of the health problems that dysregulation of transcription can cause.

In recent years, advancements in molecular biology techniques have enabled scientists to study transcription in unprecedented detail. Research in this field has uncovered novel insights into gene regulation, epigenetics, and the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases.

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