Biology Blogs For Class 11th, 12th & NEET

                                               PCR What Is PCR -    PCR is Polymerase Chain Reaction used for making million copy of particular section of DNA . In 1983 Kary Mullis developed this technique used in variety of application like in medical case , criminal case , in diagnosis of genetic diseases and so on . For this work Mullis awarded  by Noble prize in 1993 . PCR is rapid , inexpensive and simple way of copying of DNA fragments by using smaller quantity of source of DNA material   PCR Tools  - PCR can not be accomplish without this key tool -        Template DNA         Nucleotides ( dATP , dCTP , dGTP , dTTP )         Primer         Taq Polymerase Enzyme          Buffer  for stability of DNA polymeras...

                                    DNA Fingerprinting Good day, biology enthusiasts! In this blog, we're diving into one of the most groundbreaking advancements in forensic science — DNA Fingerprinting . But before we explore its application, let’s understand what it actually means. What is DNA Fingerprinting? DNA Fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA profile. Interestingly, about 99.9% of the DNA in every human being is identical . However, it's the remaining 0.1% that makes every individual genetically unique. This uniqueness is determined by sequences called VNTRs – Variable Number of Tandem Repeats . VNTRs are short sequences of DNA that repeat multiple times in a row, and the number of repeats varies from person to person. Let’s take an example: Person A’s DNA : ATGC Person B’s DNA : ATTGC The extra ‘T’ in Person B's sequence...

                                      Western Blotting Western blotting is a type of blotting which is used for identifying particular protein from a sample by using an antibody specific to that protein. This technique was developed by Towbin and his co-worker in 1979. This technique is also known by another name Immunoblot . In this method nitrocellulose and nylon, the membrane is used for blotting. Sometime Polyvinylidene fluoride is also used for blotting purposes. The probe used is an antibody to detect a specific protein. The positive signal indicates that the protein of interest is present in the given sample. The antibody is labeled with radioactive material so that it produces light after combining it with the enzymes. Detection -  Western blotting can be detected in two ways - Direct Detection -  Primary antibody which is made up of purifying the desired pro...

                                      Southern Blotting In molecular biology there are three techniques used for detecting DNA / RNA /protein ,  Southern blotting for DNA detection , Northern blotting for RNA detection and Western blotting for  detecting protein .  The term blotting is generally refers to the transferring of the   DNA /RNA / Protein into carrier like nylon membrane .  After blotting the transferred molecules are visualized by autoradiography , chromogenic detection method , silver staining method etc . This technique was developed by  Edwin Southern in 1975 . Procedure - The DNA is isolated from the cell of interest . Now the DNA is digested by restriction enzyme . Restriction enzyme cut the DNA molecules into desired fragments . The fragments are separated by agrose  gel electrophoresis into different size . The double s...

                                Human Cloning   Giving birth to the  identical copies of  the biological entity  by various clone process is known as cloning and when this  process used to produce identical copies of human is known as Human Cloning . But Human Cloning is very controversial in many aspects . This topic becomes the most important aspect of research for the scientist . How Human Cloning Work -  The most preferred method scientist use is somatic cell nuclear transfer in which the egg of the donor person  is taken out  and from this  egg nucleus is removed . Now this egg become unnucleated egg . This egg is ready for fusing with the cloning subject cell by using electricity . Cell which contain DNA is taken out from the person who is  being cloned . Once the two cell get fused  the new cell can be permitted to grow in an su...

                                   Hybridoma Technology  Hybridoma Technology is a method used to produce hybrid cells by fusing a specific antibody-producing B-cell with a myeloma (cancer) cell. The process begins by injecting a specific antigen into a mouse to stimulate an immune response. The antibody-producing B-cells are then collected from the mouse’s spleen and fused with myeloma cells. This fusion results in hybrid cells , known as hybridomas , which have two key properties: the ability to produce a specific antibody (from the B-cell) and the ability to divide indefinitely (from the myeloma cell). The fused cells are then placed in a special culture medium where the unfused myeloma cells die, but the hybridomas survive. This is achieved by using HAT medium (which contains hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine). Aminopterin in the medium blocks the de novo nucleotide synt...

                                             Mutation  A sightly change in the sequence of  DNA  which may be transmitted to further generation caused by  the addition  , deletion or alternation of single base of DNA is  known as Mutation . Classification - Mutation can be classified into two ways Acquired Mutation - The mutation which is not occur in our body but it is acquired from other source are known as Acquired Mutation . For example Ultraviolet rays that sometime cause Cancer in body by mutation in DNA . The only advantage in this type of mutation is that it is not transformed to further generation and  limited in some of the cells of  the body . Hereditary Mutation -  The mutation which is transformed from parents to offspring are known as Hereditary Mutation . When the egg cell and sperm cell unite they ...